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From the Netherlands to the Ottoman Empire, to Japan and India, this groundbreaking volume confronts the complex and diverse problem of the formation of fiscal states in Eurasia between 1500 and 1914. This series of country case studies from leading economic historians reveals that distinctive features of the fiscal state appeared across the region at different moments in time as a result of multiple independent but often interacting stimuli such as internal competition over resources, European expansion, international trade, globalisation and war. The essays offer a comparative framework for re-examining the causes of economic development across this period and show, for instance, the central role that the more effective fiscal systems of Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries played in the divergence of east and west as well as the very different paths to modernisation taken across the world.

World history --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1800-1999 --- AA / International- internationaal --- finances publiques histoire --- 331.100 --- 331.161.0 --- openbare financien geschiedenis --- Economische geschiedenis: algemeenheden. --- Geschiedenis van de overheidsfinanciën: agemeenheden. --- Fiscal policy --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS --- History. --- Economic History. --- Business & economics --- Economic history. --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- History --- Economische geschiedenis: algemeenheden --- Geschiedenis van de overheidsfinanciën: agemeenheden --- Government policy --- Arts and Humanities

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The beauty of science may be pure and eternal, but the practice of science costs money. And scientists, being human, respond to incentives and costs, in money and glory. Choosing a research topic, deciding what papers to write and where to publish them, sticking with a familiar area or going into something new-the payoff may be tenure or a job at a highly ranked university or a prestigious award or a bump in salary. The risk may be not getting any of that.At a time when science is seen as an engine of economic growth, Paula Stephan brings a keen understanding of the ongoing cost-benefit calculations made by individuals and institutions as they compete for resources and reputation. She shows how universities offload risks by increasing the percentage of non-tenure-track faculty, requiring tenured faculty to pay salaries from outside grants, and staffing labs with foreign workers on temporary visas. With funding tight, investigators pursue safe projects rather than less fundable ones with uncertain but potentially path-breaking outcomes. Career prospects in science are increasingly dismal for the young because of ever-lengthening apprenticeships, scarcity of permanent academic positions, and the difficulty of getting funded.Vivid, thorough, and bold, How Economics Shapes Science highlights the growing gap between the haves and have-nots-especially the vast imbalance between the biomedical sciences and physics/engineering-and offers a persuasive vision of a more productive, more creative research system that would lead and benefit the world.

Science policy --- Sociology of knowledge --- Research --- Science and state. --- Recherche --- Politique scientifique et technique --- Economic aspects. --- Aspect économique --- AA / International- internationaal --- 476 --- 338.6 --- 50 --- education --- enseignement --- recherche et developpement --- Science --- State and science --- State, The --- Economie van de opvoeding. --- Wetenschappelijk onderzoek en ontwikkeling. --- Algemeenheden. Geschiedenis en filosofie van de wetenschappen. --- opvoeding --- onderwijs --- onderzoek en ontwikkeling --- Government policy --- Aspect économique --- Science and state --- Economic aspects --- Wetenschappelijk onderzoek en ontwikkeling --- Economie van de opvoeding --- Algemeenheden. Geschiedenis en filosofie van de wetenschappen

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In Europe and throughout the world, competence in English is spreading at a speed never achieved by any language in human history. This apparently irresistible growing dominance of English is frequently perceived and sometimes indignantly denounced as being grossly unjust. Linguistic Justice for Europe and for the World starts off arguing that the dissemination of competence in a common lingua franca is a process to be welcomed and accelerated, most fundamentally because it provides the struggle for greater justice in Europe and in the world with an essential weapon: a cheap medium of communication.

Lingua francas. --- English language --- Language policy. --- Glottopolitics --- Institutional linguistics --- Language and languages --- Language and state --- Languages, National --- Languages, Official --- National languages --- Official languages --- State and language --- English language in foreign countries --- World Englishes --- Contact vernaculars --- Linguae francae --- Trade languages --- Vehicular languages --- Government policy --- Communication policy --- Language planning --- Languages in contact --- Language policy --- Lingua francas --- BPB1203 --- international --- taalproblematiek --- justitie --- #KVHA:Politiek; Europa --- #KVHA:Taalkunde; Europa --- internationaal --- problemes linguistiques --- justice --- Mass communications --- Sociolinguistics --- Justice. --- Langues véhiculaires --- Anglais (Langue) à l'étranger --- Justice --- Foreign countries --- Germanic languages --- English language - Foreign countries --- Langues véhiculaires --- Anglais (langue) --- À l'étranger

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In this volume, based on a week-long symposium at the University of Munich's Center for Economic Studies, two leading scholars of governmental economics debate their divergent perspectives on the role of government and its fiscal functions. James M. Buchanan, who was influential in developing the research program in public choice, concentrates on the imperfections of the political process and stresses the need for rules to restrain governmental interference. Richard A. Musgrave, a founder of modern public finance, points to market failures and inequities that call for corrective public policies. They apply their differing economic and political philosophies to a variety of key issues. Each presentation is followed by a response and general discussion.

Fiscal policy --- State, The --- Social choice --- Public finance --- Fiscal policy. --- State, The. --- Social choice. --- Choice, Social --- Collective choice --- Public choice --- Choice (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Welfare economics --- Administration --- Commonwealth, The --- Sovereignty --- Political science --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Government policy --- ECONOMICS/Finance --- SOCIAL SCIENCES/Political Science/Public Policy & Law --- politique budgetaire --- 336.2 --- 336.5 --- openbare financien --- 336.2 Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief --- 336.2 Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen --- Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief --- Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen --- 336.5 Overheidsuitgaven. Openbare financien. Staatsuitgaven. Lopende staatsuitgaven --- Overheidsuitgaven. Openbare financien. Staatsuitgaven. Lopende staatsuitgaven --- begrotingsbeleid --- finances publiques

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By and large, EU financial integration has been a success story. Still, the reform agenda is far from finished. What are the remaining challenges? What are the gains of closer financial market integration? This IMF book tracks the European Union's journey along the path to a single financial market and identifies the challenges and priorities that remain ahead. It pays particular attention to the most recent integration efforts in the European Union following the introduction of the euro. The study looks at the importance of financial integration, in particular for economic growth, the interplay between banks and markets, and equity market integration. It closely examines the relationship between financial integration and financial stability. This interaction presents the European Union with a challenge, but also with the opportunity to play a pioneering role in developing a regional approach to financial stability that could provide lessons for the rest of the world.

Private finance --- Europe --- Finance --- Capital market --- Financial institutions --- Finances --- Marché financier --- Institutions financières --- European Union --- Economic integration. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- 339.7 --- eenheidsmarkt --- europa --- financiele markten --- 333.102 --- 333.602 --- 333.610 --- 334.151.28 --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- -Finance --- -332.094 --- Financial intermediaries --- Lending institutions --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question --- Internationale financien. Buitenlands betalingsverkeer --(z.o {336}) --- marché unique --- europe --- marchés financiers --- Bankconcentratie. --- Activiteiten en evolutie van de financiële markten. --- Effectenbeurzen: algemeenheden. --- Kredietinstellingen in de Europese Gemeenschappen. --- 339.7 Internationale financien. Buitenlands betalingsverkeer --(z.o {336}) --- Marché financier --- Institutions financières --- Capital markets --- Market, Capital --- E.U. --- Loans --- Money market --- Securities --- Crowding out (Economics) --- Efficient market theory --- 332.094 --- Bankconcentratie --- Activiteiten en evolutie van de financiële markten --- Effectenbeurzen: algemeenheden --- Kredietinstellingen in de Europese Gemeenschappen --- European Union countries --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Investments: Stocks --- Industries: Financial Services --- Accounting --- Investments: General --- Insurance --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Bankruptcy --- Liquidation --- Banking --- Investment & securities --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Insurance & actuarial studies --- Macroeconomics --- Financial reporting, financial statements --- Stock markets --- Financial sector stability --- Financial integration --- Financial services --- Financial markets --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Competition --- Banks and banking --- Financial services industry --- Stock exchanges --- International finance --- United States